Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting

S. M.Espinoza Suarez; L. E. Borja-Castro; M. I. Valerio-Cuadros; A. Bustamante Domínguez; H. A. Cabrera-Tinoco; E. Huaman; R. A. Valencia-Bedregal; Xiaoli Zhao; Youyun Zhang; Deliang Zhang; C. H.W. Barnes; L. De Los Santos Valladares

doi:10.1007/s10751-021-01769-9

Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting

S. M.Espinoza Suarez, L. E. Borja-Castro, M. I. Valerio-Cuadros, A. Bustamante Domínguez, H. A. Cabrera-Tinoco, E. Huaman, R. A. Valencia-Bedregal, Xiaoli Zhao, Youyun Zhang, Deliang Zhang, C. H.W. Barnes, L. De Los Santos Valladares

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Abstract

A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe₃O₄ ➔ FeO ➔ Fe₃C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe.

Original language	English
Article number	29
Journal	Hyperfine Interactions
Volume	242
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-021-01769-9
State	Published - Dec 2021
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Incorporaci?n de Investigadores Program from the CONCYTEC ? FONDECYT- UNMSM (Contract No. 12 -2019 ? FONDECYT ? BM ? INC. INV.).

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Incorporación de Investigadores Program from the CONCYTEC – FONDECYT- UNMSM (Contract No. 12 -2019 – FONDECYT – BM – INC. INV.).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).

Keywords

Carbothermal reduction
Continuous casting process
Mill scales
Mossbauer spectroscopy
Steel billets
Steel industry
X-ray diffraction

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Suarez, S. M. E., Borja-Castro, L. E., Valerio-Cuadros, M. I., Domínguez, A. B., Cabrera-Tinoco, H. A., Huaman, E., Valencia-Bedregal, R. A., Zhao, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Barnes, C. H. W., & Valladares, L. D. L. S. (2021). Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting. Hyperfine Interactions, 242(1), Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-021-01769-9

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abstract = "A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe3O4 ➔ FeO ➔ Fe3C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. M{\"o}ssbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe.",

keywords = "Carbothermal reduction, Continuous casting process, Mill scales, Mossbauer spectroscopy, Steel billets, Steel industry, X-ray diffraction",

author = "Suarez, {S. M.Espinoza} and Borja-Castro, {L. E.} and Valerio-Cuadros, {M. I.} and Dom{\'i}nguez, {A. Bustamante} and Cabrera-Tinoco, {H. A.} and E. Huaman and Valencia-Bedregal, {R. A.} and Xiaoli Zhao and Youyun Zhang and Deliang Zhang and Barnes, {C. H.W.} and Valladares, {L. De Los Santos}",

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doi = "10.1007/s10751-021-01769-9",

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AU - Suarez, S. M.Espinoza

AU - Borja-Castro, L. E.

AU - Valerio-Cuadros, M. I.

AU - Domínguez, A. Bustamante

AU - Cabrera-Tinoco, H. A.

AU - Huaman, E.

AU - Valencia-Bedregal, R. A.

AU - Zhao, Xiaoli

AU - Zhang, Youyun

AU - Zhang, Deliang

AU - Barnes, C. H.W.

AU - Valladares, L. De Los Santos

PY - 2021/12

Y1 - 2021/12

N2 - A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe3O4 ➔ FeO ➔ Fe3C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe.

AB - A billet is a bar made from crude steel which surface contains scales which are rich in iron oxides. This study presents the carbothermal reduction of the scales formed in steel billets. The process included the reaction of the iron oxides contents with carbon (in ratio 5:1) and annealing in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere. The occurred reactions are discussed using thermodynamic calculations and thermal analysis which indicate a three-stage reduction process Fe3O4 ➔ FeO ➔ Fe3C ➔α-Fe with intermediate reactions at the interval temperature 960 and 1300 °C. The X-ray diffraction confirms the reduction to α-Fe with minor presence of unreacted C, magnetite and wustite. Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis was performed at room temperature where a typical sextet corresponding to the dominant α-Fe is shown as well as wustite, magnetite and cementite to a lesser extent. The magnetization measurements confirm the ferromagnetic state corresponding to the α-Fe.

KW - Carbothermal reduction

KW - Continuous casting process

KW - Mill scales

KW - Mossbauer spectroscopy

KW - Steel billets

KW - Steel industry

KW - X-ray diffraction

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DO - 10.1007/s10751-021-01769-9

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AN - SCOPUS:85119046479

SN - 0304-3843

VL - 242

JO - Hyperfine Interactions

JF - Hyperfine Interactions

IS - 1

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ER -

Carbothermal reduction of mill scales formed on steel billets during continuous casting

Abstract

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