Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test

Valentin A. Schriever; Eduardo Agosin; Aytug Altundag; Hadas Avni; Helene Cao Van; Carlos Cornejo; Gonzalo de los Santos; Gad Fishman; Claudio Fragola; Marco Guarneros; Neelima Gupta; Robyn Hudson; Reda Kamel; Antti Knaapila; Iordanis Konstantinidis; Basile N. Landis; Maria Larsson; Johan N. Lundström; Alberto Macchi; Franklin Mariño-Sánchez; Lenka Martinec Nováková; Eri Mori; Joaquim Mullol; Marie Nord; Valentina Parma; Carl Philpott; Evan J. Propst; Ahmed Rawan; Mari Sandell; Agnieszka Sorokowska; Piotr Sorokowski; Lisa Marie Sparing-Paschke; Carolin Stetzler; Claudia Valder; Jan Vodicka; Thomas Hummel

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011

Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test

Valentin A. Schriever, Eduardo Agosin, Aytug Altundag, Hadas Avni, Helene Cao Van, Carlos Cornejo, Gonzalo de los Santos, Gad Fishman, Claudio Fragola, Marco Guarneros, Neelima Gupta, Robyn Hudson, Reda Kamel, Antti Knaapila, Iordanis Konstantinidis, Basile N. Landis, Maria Larsson, Johan N. Lundström, Alberto Macchi, Franklin Mariño-SánchezLenka Martinec Nováková, Eri Mori, Joaquim Mullol, Marie Nord, Valentina Parma, Carl Philpott, Evan J. Propst, Ahmed Rawan, Mari Sandell, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Piotr Sorokowski, Lisa Marie Sparing-Paschke, Carolin Stetzler, Claudia Valder, Jan Vodicka, Thomas Hummel

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Abstract

Objective: To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test. Study design: This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test—retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). Results: Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test—retest reliability (r ₂₇ = 0.83, P <.001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%. Conclusions: The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	265-272.e3
Journal	Journal of Pediatrics
Volume	198
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011
State	Published - Jul 2018

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Funded by the Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden (MedDrive) and the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (to V.S.); the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM) (to M.G.); the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (scientific grant Iuventus Plus # IP2014 043773 [to A.S.]); the Academy of Finland (to A.K. and M.S.); the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic under the NPU I program, the PROGRES program Q22 at the Faculty of Humanities, Charles University within the Institutional Support for Long-Term Development of Research Organizations from MEYS, and by the Czech Science Foundation (GA17-14534S) (to L.N.); the Deustche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG HU 411/181 [to T.H.]); the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TA04011114 [to J.V.]); and the Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences (M14-0375:1 [to M.L. and M.N.]). The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier Inc.

Keywords

Sniffin’ Sticks
children
olfaction
olfactory dysfunction
smell testing

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10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011

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Schriever, V. A., Agosin, E., Altundag, A., Avni, H., Cao Van, H., Cornejo, C., de los Santos, G., Fishman, G., Fragola, C., Guarneros, M., Gupta, N., Hudson, R., Kamel, R., Knaapila, A., Konstantinidis, I., Landis, B. N., Larsson, M., Lundström, J. N., Macchi, A., ... Hummel, T. (2018). Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test. Journal of Pediatrics, 198, 265-272.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011

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title = "Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test",

abstract = " Objective: To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test. Study design: This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test—retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). Results: Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test—retest reliability (r 27 = 0.83, P <.001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%. Conclusions: The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.",

keywords = "Sniffin{\textquoteright} Sticks, children, olfaction, olfactory dysfunction, smell testing",

author = "Schriever, {Valentin A.} and Eduardo Agosin and Aytug Altundag and Hadas Avni and {Cao Van}, Helene and Carlos Cornejo and {de los Santos}, Gonzalo and Gad Fishman and Claudio Fragola and Marco Guarneros and Neelima Gupta and Robyn Hudson and Reda Kamel and Antti Knaapila and Iordanis Konstantinidis and Landis, {Basile N.} and Maria Larsson and Lundstr{\"o}m, {Johan N.} and Alberto Macchi and Franklin Mari{\~n}o-S{\'a}nchez and {Martinec Nov{\'a}kov{\'a}}, Lenka and Eri Mori and Joaquim Mullol and Marie Nord and Valentina Parma and Carl Philpott and Propst, {Evan J.} and Ahmed Rawan and Mari Sandell and Agnieszka Sorokowska and Piotr Sorokowski and Sparing-Paschke, {Lisa Marie} and Carolin Stetzler and Claudia Valder and Jan Vodicka and Thomas Hummel",

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year = "2018",

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doi = "10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011",

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volume = "198",

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Schriever, VA, Agosin, E, Altundag, A, Avni, H, Cao Van, H, Cornejo, C, de los Santos, G, Fishman, G, Fragola, C, Guarneros, M, Gupta, N, Hudson, R, Kamel, R, Knaapila, A, Konstantinidis, I, Landis, BN, Larsson, M, Lundström, JN, Macchi, A, Mariño-Sánchez, F, Martinec Nováková, L, Mori, E, Mullol, J, Nord, M, Parma, V, Philpott, C, Propst, EJ, Rawan, A, Sandell, M, Sorokowska, A, Sorokowski, P, Sparing-Paschke, LM, Stetzler, C, Valder, C, Vodicka, J & Hummel, T 2018, 'Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test', Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 198, pp. 265-272.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011

TY - JOUR

T1 - Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children

T2 - The Universal Sniff Test

AU - Schriever, Valentin A.

AU - Agosin, Eduardo

AU - Altundag, Aytug

AU - Avni, Hadas

AU - Cao Van, Helene

AU - Cornejo, Carlos

AU - de los Santos, Gonzalo

AU - Fishman, Gad

AU - Fragola, Claudio

AU - Guarneros, Marco

AU - Gupta, Neelima

AU - Hudson, Robyn

AU - Kamel, Reda

AU - Knaapila, Antti

AU - Konstantinidis, Iordanis

AU - Landis, Basile N.

AU - Larsson, Maria

AU - Lundström, Johan N.

AU - Macchi, Alberto

AU - Mariño-Sánchez, Franklin

AU - Martinec Nováková, Lenka

AU - Mori, Eri

AU - Mullol, Joaquim

AU - Nord, Marie

AU - Parma, Valentina

AU - Philpott, Carl

AU - Propst, Evan J.

AU - Rawan, Ahmed

AU - Sandell, Mari

AU - Sorokowska, Agnieszka

AU - Sorokowski, Piotr

AU - Sparing-Paschke, Lisa Marie

AU - Stetzler, Carolin

AU - Valder, Claudia

AU - Vodicka, Jan

AU - Hummel, Thomas

PY - 2018/7

Y1 - 2018/7

N2 - Objective: To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test. Study design: This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test—retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). Results: Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test—retest reliability (r 27 = 0.83, P <.001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%. Conclusions: The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.

AB - Objective: To assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test. Study design: This is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test—retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). Results: Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean ± SD of 9.88 ± 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test—retest reliability (r 27 = 0.83, P <.001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%. Conclusions: The U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.

KW - Sniffin’ Sticks

KW - children

KW - olfaction

KW - olfactory dysfunction

KW - smell testing

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U2 - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011

DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.03.011

M3 - Artículo

C2 - 29730147

AN - SCOPUS:85046816309

SN - 0022-3476

VL - 198

SP - 265-272.e3

JO - Journal of Pediatrics

JF - Journal of Pediatrics

ER -

Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children: The Universal Sniff Test

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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