Stone decay in 18th century monuments due to iron corrosion. The Royal Palace, Madrid (Spain)

R. Fort González; Monica Isabel Rueda Alvarez; F. Mingarro Martín; M. C. López de Azcona

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.09.012

Stone decay in 18th century monuments due to iron corrosion. The Royal Palace, Madrid (Spain)

R. Fort González, Monica Isabel Rueda Alvarez, F. Mingarro Martín, M. C. López de Azcona

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

14 Scopus citations

Abstract

This study was designed to determine the origin, processing methods and the structural and compositional properties of the iron used in the construction of the Palacio Real, Madrid, in the form of reinforcement bars and ties used for the support and anchorage of stone elements. These iron structures, analysed by XRD, ICP-AES, ICP-MS, SEM+EDX, EPMA, magnetometry and ultrasounds velocity were found to be of high-quality iron. The iron, worked in an air furnace at a temperature below 690°C followed by puddling, is composed of ferrite and cohenite. Two types of slag were detected as streaks in the iron: friedelite-vivianite and friedelite-titanomagnetite. These bands of impurities in the iron favour corrosion processes that give rise to iron hydroxides (lepidocrocite followed by goethite) causing an 83% increase in volume. This volume increase exerts a pressure of some 196 MPa leading to fissuring and disaggregation of the stone.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	357-364
Number of pages	8
Journal	Building and Environment
Volume	39
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.09.012
State	Published - Mar 2004
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Keywords

Iron corrosion
Monument decay
Stone fissuring and disaggregation

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10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.09.012

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title = "Stone decay in 18th century monuments due to iron corrosion. The Royal Palace, Madrid (Spain)",

abstract = "This study was designed to determine the origin, processing methods and the structural and compositional properties of the iron used in the construction of the Palacio Real, Madrid, in the form of reinforcement bars and ties used for the support and anchorage of stone elements. These iron structures, analysed by XRD, ICP-AES, ICP-MS, SEM+EDX, EPMA, magnetometry and ultrasounds velocity were found to be of high-quality iron. The iron, worked in an air furnace at a temperature below 690°C followed by puddling, is composed of ferrite and cohenite. Two types of slag were detected as streaks in the iron: friedelite-vivianite and friedelite-titanomagnetite. These bands of impurities in the iron favour corrosion processes that give rise to iron hydroxides (lepidocrocite followed by goethite) causing an 83% increase in volume. This volume increase exerts a pressure of some 196 MPa leading to fissuring and disaggregation of the stone.",

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AU - Rueda Alvarez, Monica Isabel

AU - Mingarro Martín, F.

AU - López de Azcona, M. C.

PY - 2004/3

Y1 - 2004/3

N2 - This study was designed to determine the origin, processing methods and the structural and compositional properties of the iron used in the construction of the Palacio Real, Madrid, in the form of reinforcement bars and ties used for the support and anchorage of stone elements. These iron structures, analysed by XRD, ICP-AES, ICP-MS, SEM+EDX, EPMA, magnetometry and ultrasounds velocity were found to be of high-quality iron. The iron, worked in an air furnace at a temperature below 690°C followed by puddling, is composed of ferrite and cohenite. Two types of slag were detected as streaks in the iron: friedelite-vivianite and friedelite-titanomagnetite. These bands of impurities in the iron favour corrosion processes that give rise to iron hydroxides (lepidocrocite followed by goethite) causing an 83% increase in volume. This volume increase exerts a pressure of some 196 MPa leading to fissuring and disaggregation of the stone.

AB - This study was designed to determine the origin, processing methods and the structural and compositional properties of the iron used in the construction of the Palacio Real, Madrid, in the form of reinforcement bars and ties used for the support and anchorage of stone elements. These iron structures, analysed by XRD, ICP-AES, ICP-MS, SEM+EDX, EPMA, magnetometry and ultrasounds velocity were found to be of high-quality iron. The iron, worked in an air furnace at a temperature below 690°C followed by puddling, is composed of ferrite and cohenite. Two types of slag were detected as streaks in the iron: friedelite-vivianite and friedelite-titanomagnetite. These bands of impurities in the iron favour corrosion processes that give rise to iron hydroxides (lepidocrocite followed by goethite) causing an 83% increase in volume. This volume increase exerts a pressure of some 196 MPa leading to fissuring and disaggregation of the stone.

KW - Iron corrosion

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KW - Stone fissuring and disaggregation

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